What is Adjusted Gross Income?

AGI is defined as your gross income minus whichever tax adjustments you qualify for (AGI = gross income - any eligible tax adjustments). When filing your taxes, your AGI is used to determine your taxable income. Let’s break that down piece by piece:

• Gross income: Your total income—the starting point for filing your taxes. It’s the sum of everything you earn in a year, including wages, interest, investment gains, royalties, retirement distributions, rental income, alimony, and any other source of income not exempt from tax. For 2019, it appears on line 7b of your tax return, aka 1040.¹
• Tax adjustments: Next, tax adjustments are subtracted from your gross income (effectively lowering your gross income). In tax-speak, these adjustments are often called “above-the-line” deductions to differentiate them from the tax deductions most people are familiar with, which come “below-the-line”—in other words, after your AGI is calculated. Your total adjustments appear on line 8a of your 1040.²
• Taxable income: Your AGI is then used to calculate your taxable income, or the portion of your income that will be taxed. Your taxable income is shown on line 11b of your 1040. Specifically, your taxable income is calculated by subtracting any eligible “below-the-line” deductions from your AGI.

There are several important ways your AGI is used:

• Determining your federal (and state) tax liability. Your AGI is part of the equation to calculate your taxable income and your federal tax liability. If you live in a state that requires you pay state income taxes, your AGI will be used to determine your state taxes, too.
• Determining your eligibility for tax credits and deductions. Your AGI directly affects the tax credits and below-the-line deductions you’re eligible for, especially if you plan to itemize deductions (instead of taking the standard deduction). But it can get a little tricky: Some tax credits and itemized deductions are dependent on your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI), not your AGI. No surprise: Your AGI is the starting point for determining your MAGI. To learn more about MAGI, read “What is Modified Adjusted Gross Income?”
• To e-file your taxes. If you’re choosing to e-file your taxes, you’ll need to find your AGI from the previous year. If you’ve e-filed before, you should be able to import last year’s data if you’re using the same tax preparation software. If not, you can find it on line 7 of your 2018 1040.³ You can also contact the IRS.

When it comes to below-the-line deductions, you might be aware that you can lower your taxable income—and therefore, the taxes you owe—by taking the standard deduction or itemizing your deductions, depending on your specific tax circumstances. But you may also be able to lower your tax bill thanks to the above-the-line tax adjustments used to calculate your AGI.

There are at least 10 above-the-line AGI adjustments, but most people only qualify for a few.⁴ Some of the more common adjustments taxpayers use to lower their AGI include:

• IRA and other retirement plan contributions
• Student loan interest
• Self-employment taxes
• Educator expenses
• Health savings account (HSA) contributions

In general, the lower your AGI, the greater the chance you’ll qualify for tax credits and certain itemized deductions.

It’s important to note that requirements for many below-the-line adjustments, tax credits, and itemized deductions can be very specific and are subject to income thresholds. This means that tax benefits might be reduced or limited if your AGI or MAGI (depending on the tax benefit) is above a certain level. For example:

• Medical and dental expense deduction: The IRS will let you deduct a portion of qualifying medical expenses that exceed 7.5% of your AGI. So if your AGI is $50,000, you can only deduct medical expenses that exceed $3,750. This means that if you have $6,000 in medical expenses, $2,250 would be deductible.^5,6
• Child tax credit: As of 2018, eligible taxpayers can receive a tax credit of up to $2,000 if they have a qualifying child (and meet other requirements). The child tax credit begins to phase out if the taxpayer has a MAGI of $200,000 or greater ($400,000 for married couples filing jointly). Requirements are also subject to change each year, so be on the lookout for new laws before filing your taxes.⁷

Most tax software will calculate your AGI for you, and the IRS suggests taxpayers consider filing electronically because it’s fast and accurate.⁸ But it’s usually better to understand what it’s doing. For the 2019 tax season, here’s what you’ll need:

• Form 1040 (if you’re 65 or older, form 1040-SR is an optional alternative)
• Schedule 1 for Form 1040

To calculate your AGI, refer to the accompanying excerpt of Form 1040 (below) and follow these instructions:

1. Fill out lines 1-6 of your 1040. This will tally your reported income for the year.
2. Fill out Schedule 1, which is essentially a worksheet for determining your various positive and negative income adjustments.
3. On line 7a, fill in additional income from line 9 of Schedule 1 (if applicable)
4. On line 7b of your 1040, add lines 1, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6, and 7a. This is your total income.
5. On line 8a, fill in your total adjustments to income from line 22 of Schedule 1 (if applicable) 
6. On line 8b of your 1040, subtract line 8a, your total adjustments to income, from line 7b, your total income. This is your AGI.

Your AGI will never be more than your total income, and it’s not uncommon for your AGI and total income to be the same.

Take note: When filling out your 1040, some types of additional income and adjustments to income require that you fill out and attach additional forms and schedules. These help you correctly calculate income and adjustments. For more information, see the IRS instructions for Form 1040.